> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://polarischain-1.gitbook.io/polarischain/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://polarischain-1.gitbook.io/polarischain/3.-cryptographic-foundations/3.3-three-round-finality-and-commit-mechanism.md).

# 3.3 -  Three-Round Finality & Commit Mechanism

Finality is achieved through structured consensus waves, each operating across three deterministic rounds:

1. **Round 1 (Proposal):** A designated leader proposes an anchor block containing pending transactions. Other validators concurrently produce blocks acknowledging available predecessors.
2. **Round 2 (Vote):** Validators implicitly vote for the anchor by referencing it in their round-2 blocks. Accumulation of acknowledgments from `≥ 2f+1` stake signals preliminary consensus.
3. **Round 3 (Certification):** Validators produce round-3 blocks that transitively reference round-2 votes. Once a supermajority of stake collectively certifies the anchor, a quorum certificate is formed, irrevocably committing the block to the ledger.

A memoization-optimized DAG traversal verifies certification efficiently, eliminating redundant graph walks and minimizing consensus latency. The universal committer orchestrates this process, combining a base 3-round wave executor with a pipelined execution layer for continuous throughput.


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